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The novel's exploration of toxic masculinity, specifically the performance of masculinity as a social construct, is another significant theme. Bateman's understanding of masculinity is rooted in a grotesque exaggeration of traditional masculine ideals: aggression, dominance, and a superiority complex. His inability to empathize or connect with others on a deeper level is a hallmark of his sociopathy, and Ellis uses this character trait to critique the rigid, limiting definitions of masculinity that pervade modern society.